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- Establishing an Office in Japan
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- If your company can afford to do so and is serious about
- doing well in the Japanese market, you should strongly
- consider the establishment of a representative or branch
- office in Japan. This sort of presence will allow your
- firm the most direct control of its operations in Japan and
- will help ensure the quality of after-sales services. This
- office can gather information on the competition, emerging
- new technologies, and developing market trends.
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- Representative Office: A foreign company that wishes to
- collect information or to facilitate contacts in Japan
- should consider establishment of a liaison or
- representative office. This liaison office may be
- established to develop market data, provide information to
- potential clients, and refer customers to distributors or
- trading companies that can accept orders. The office can
- also work with distributors to develop the necessary
- promotional and service mechanism. It is not necessary to
- obtain special approval from the Japanese Government to
- establish a liaison office, but it must have no income and
- is therefore not allowed to handle orders directly.
- Moreover, this option is free from Japanese tax burdens.
- The liaison office may function by providing guidance and
- support to an agent, and managing all marketing activities
- except for the formal sale.
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- Branch Office: To go a step beyond a representative or
- liaison office, you can establish a sales or branch office.
- A branch office can engage in trading, manufacturing,
- retailing, services, or other business. Until recently, to
- set up a branch office, a company had to file a
- notification with the Ministry of Finance through the Bank
- of Japan between 3 months and 30 days before the office was
- established and register with the Ministry of Justice
- within 3 weeks of the opening of the office. However, as
- part of SII, this prior notification requirement has been
- replaced by ex post facto notification for investment in
- unrestricted sectors. A special license still must be
- obtained from the appropriate Japanese ministry to engage
- in business in certain sectors. These include
- broadcasting; telecommunications; electric power
- generation; domestic, rail and air transportation; arms;
- gun powder; atomic energy; aircraft; space development;
- narcotic manufacturing; vaccine manufacturing; security
- guard services; agriculture, forestry, and fisheries;
- petroleum refining and marketing; leather and leather
- product manufacturing; shipbuilding; banking; and mining.
- A sales office may take and fill orders, and is liable for
- payment of Japanese taxes. A sales office may carry out a
- full marketing program, including arranging for
- advertising, recruiting a sales force, and carrying out all
- necessary promotional activities.
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- Other alternatives include incorporating your own
- subsidiary company in Japan, joining with a Japanese
- company in a joint venture arrangement, or acquiring stock
- in a Japanese corporation. These options are likely to be
- much more complicated and involve more time and expense,
- but they can offer an effective means for a company to
- manufacture locally, guarantee better protection for
- proprietary information, and penetrate some markets which
- have subtle but substantial barriers to imports.
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- A major problem for smaller U.S. firms entering the
- Japanese market is the high cost of establishing a
- permanent presence which allows for the follow-up
- capability necessary to achieve full market potential. You
- may wish to consider arranging for representation through
- the use of the previously mentioned Agent/Distributor
- Service, your contacts established at a trade show or
- mission, your state's representative office in Japan, or
- your industry's trade association. Another approach is to
- pool resources of several firms which have complementary
- product lines and a desire to operate in Japan. Such a
- group might establish a marketing association, consortium,
- or jointly owned export management company, and set up a
- sales and service office in Japan. This operation may take
- the form of a liaison office which handles contacts with
- agents, distributors, and customers. Considering the
- importance of brand image in Japan, group members may wish
- to consider adopting a group logo which would be a
- universally recognized and accepted identity for their
- product line. This approach is not widely used by U.S.
- firms in Japan, but has been successfully employed by a
- number a European groups. Another alternative is to
- piggyback your product with a complementary product line of
- a firm which is successfully exporting to Japan.
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- In evaluating the alternatives for market entry, you should
- measure the projected sales and potential market share for
- your products against costs of various distribution
- options. In Japan, the justification for working with an
- intermediary is lower cost while sacrificing direct market
- feedback and long-run profit potential.
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- For additional information on establishing an office in
- Japan, refer to the following publications:
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- Setting Up a Business in Japan: A Manual (1991), Japan
- External Trade Organization (JETRO), New York Office --
- (212) 997-0400.
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- Guide to Investment in Japan (1991), Industrial Bank of
- Japan (IBJ), Washington, D.C. Office -- (202) 835-0455.
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- Guide to Direct Investment in Japan (1991), Japan
- Development Bank (JDB), Washington, D.C. Office -- (202)
- 331-8696.
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- Establishment of a Representative Office in Japan (1990),
- Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO), New York Office
- -- (212) 997-0400.
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- Direct Foreign Investment in Japan (1987), American Chamber
- of Commerce in Japan (ACCJ).
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- Setting Up & Operating a Business in Japan: A Handbook for
- the Foreign Businessman (1988), by Helene Thian, published
- by the Charles E. Tuttle Company.
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- Establishing a Business in Japan (1986), U.S. & Foreign
- Commercial Service, U.S. Embassy Tokyo, Unit 45004, Box
- 271, APO AP 96337-0001.
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